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mipv6: send mobility signaling to the next hop instead of to the whole link #1262

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222173a
ipv6: fix: address a pinned unicast datagram from the Neighbour Cache
adamgeorge309 Sep 1, 2026
2b2cf7f
mipv6: fix: address mobility signaling to the next hop, not to broadcast
adamgeorge309 Sep 28, 2026
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16 changes: 16 additions & 0 deletions WHATSNEW
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Expand Up @@ -293,6 +293,22 @@ Notable backward incompatible changes are the following:
negotiation. The MacQosWithBlockAck example fingerprints are updated; the
QoS and NonQos showcase fingerprint controls remain unchanged.

17. Mobile IPv6 signaling goes to the next hop, not to the whole link

Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (Mobile IPv6, MIPv6) sent the Binding
Update (BU), the Care-of Test Init (CoTI), the Binding Acknowledgement (BA)
and the Binding Refresh Request on a fixed output interface without naming a
next hop, so the Ipv6 module addressed each of them to the link-layer
broadcast address. On 802.11 the access point relayed every such frame back
into its cell, and the relayed frame was sent without an acknowledgement.
Mipv6 now names the next hop, and the frame goes to that neighbour's
link-layer address when the Neighbour Cache holds it.

In MIPv6 simulations, the access point no longer relays the signaling into
the cell, and each signaling frame the access point forwards to a station
gets an 802.11 acknowledgement, so their trajectories and fingerprints may
change.

Notable backward compatible changes are the following:

1. IEEE 802.11 per-station rate statistics
Expand Down
7 changes: 7 additions & 0 deletions src/inet/networklayer/icmpv6/Ipv6NeighbourDiscovery.cc
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Expand Up @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
#include "inet/linklayer/common/InterfaceTag_m.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/common/HopLimitTag_m.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/common/L3AddressTag_m.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/common/NextHopAddressTag_m.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/contract/IInterfaceTable.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/icmpv6/Icmpv6.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/ipv6/Ipv6Header.h"
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -755,6 +756,12 @@ void Ipv6NeighbourDiscovery::sendPacketToIpv6Module(Packet *msg, const Ipv6Addre
{
msg->removeTagIfPresent<DispatchProtocolReq>();
msg->addTagIfAbsent<InterfaceReq>()->setInterfaceId(interfaceId);
/*RFC 4861 Section 5.2: a Neighbour Discovery message is always addressed to a
neighbour on the link it goes out on, so its next hop is its destination. Pinning
the output interface makes the Ipv6 module skip next-hop determination, so state
the next hop here; without it the Ipv6 module has no address to look up in the
Neighbour Cache and has to fall back to the broadcast address.*/
msg->addTagIfAbsent<NextHopAddressReq>()->setNextHopAddress(destAddr);
msg->addTagIfAbsent<PacketProtocolTag>()->setProtocol(&Protocol::icmpv6);
auto addressReq = msg->addTagIfAbsent<L3AddressReq>();
addressReq->setSrcAddress(srcAddr);
Expand Down
21 changes: 17 additions & 4 deletions src/inet/networklayer/ipv6/Ipv6.cc
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Expand Up @@ -433,10 +433,23 @@ void Ipv6::datagramLocalOut(Packet *packet, const NetworkInterface *destIE, Ipv6
const auto& ipv6Header = packet->peekAtFront<Ipv6Header>();
// route packet
if (destIE != nullptr) {
if (!ipv6Header->getDestAddress().isMulticast())
fragmentPostRouting(packet, destIE, MacAddress::BROADCAST_ADDRESS, true);
else
fragmentPostRouting(packet, destIE, ipv6Header->getDestAddress().mapToMulticastMacAddress(), true);
Ipv6Address destAddress = ipv6Header->getDestAddress();
if (destAddress.isMulticast())
fragmentPostRouting(packet, destIE, destAddress.mapToMulticastMacAddress(), true);
else {
// RFC 4861 Section 5.2: the link-layer address of the next hop comes from the
// Neighbour Cache. A pinned output interface skips next-hop determination, so the
// cache can only be consulted when the sender states the next hop itself (as
// Neighbour Discovery and GPSR do, for an on-link neighbour they already know).
// Otherwise the destination need not be the next hop -- it may not even be on this
// link -- and the link layer cannot be addressed.
MacAddress macAddress;
if (!requestedNextHopAddress.isUnspecified())
macAddress = nd->resolveNeighbour(requestedNextHopAddress, destIE->getInterfaceId());
if (macAddress.isUnspecified())
macAddress = MacAddress::BROADCAST_ADDRESS;
fragmentPostRouting(packet, destIE, macAddress, true);
}
}
else if (!ipv6Header->getDestAddress().isMulticast())
routePacket(packet, destIE, nullptr, requestedNextHopAddress, true);
Expand Down
33 changes: 32 additions & 1 deletion src/inet/networklayer/mipv6/Mipv6.cc
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Expand Up @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
#include "inet/networklayer/common/L3AddressResolver.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/common/L3AddressTag_m.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/common/L3Tools.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/common/NextHopAddressTag_m.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/contract/IInterfaceTable.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/icmpv6/Ipv6NeighbourDiscovery.h"
#include "inet/networklayer/ipv6/Ipv6.h"
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -631,8 +632,15 @@ void Mipv6::sendMobilityMessageToIPv6Module(Packet *msg, const Ipv6Address& dest
EV_INFO << "Appending ControlInfo to mobility message\n";
msg->addTagIfAbsent<DispatchProtocolReq>()->setProtocol(&Protocol::ipv6);
msg->addTagIfAbsent<PacketProtocolTag>()->setProtocol(&Protocol::mobileipv6);
if (interfaceId != -1)
if (interfaceId != -1) {
msg->addTagIfAbsent<InterfaceReq>()->setInterfaceId(interfaceId);
// A pinned output interface makes the Ipv6 module skip next-hop determination, and
// without a stated next hop it sends a unicast datagram to the link-layer broadcast
// address. RFC 4861 Section 5.2: the link-layer address is that of the next hop.
Ipv6Address nextHop = getNextHopOnInterface(destAddr, interfaceId);
if (!nextHop.isUnspecified())
msg->addTagIfAbsent<NextHopAddressReq>()->setNextHopAddress(nextHop);
}
msg->addTagIfAbsent<L3AddressReq>()->setSrcAddress(srcAddr);
msg->addTagIfAbsent<L3AddressReq>()->setDestAddress(destAddr);
msg->addTagIfAbsent<HopLimitReq>()->setHopLimit(255);
Expand All @@ -650,6 +658,29 @@ void Mipv6::sendMobilityMessageToIPv6Module(Packet *msg, const Ipv6Address& dest
send(msg, "toIPv6");
}

Ipv6Address Mipv6::getNextHopOnInterface(const Ipv6Address& destAddr, int interfaceId) const
{
if (destAddr.isMulticast())
return Ipv6Address::UNSPECIFIED_ADDRESS;
// RFC 4861 Section 5.1: the link-local prefix is always on-link
if (destAddr.isLinkLocal())
return destAddr;
// longest prefix match among the routes through the given interface; the routing
// table keeps its routes sorted by prefix length, so the first match is the longest
for (int i = 0; i < rt6->getNumRoutes(); i++) {
const Ipv6Route *route = rt6->getRoute(i);
if (route->getInterface() == nullptr || route->getInterface()->getInterfaceId() != interfaceId)
continue;
if (!destAddr.matches(route->getDestPrefix(), route->getPrefixLength()))
continue;
if (route->getExpiryTime() != 0 && simTime() > route->getExpiryTime()) // 0 means infinity
continue;
// an on-link destination is its own next hop
return route->getNextHop().isUnspecified() ? destAddr : route->getNextHop();
Comment on lines +670 to +679

@devin-ai-integration devin-ai-integration Bot Sep 30, 2026

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🟡 Mobility signaling ignores redirected next hops

After an IPv6 Redirect, getNextHopOnInterface still selects the original route's router. processRedirectPacket updates the destination cache, which this lookup ignores. Mobility messages can miss their destination when the former router stops forwarding.

Learn more

An IPv6 Redirect changes the next hop for one destination by updating the destination cache, not the routing table. The normal IPv6 output path reads that cache in determineOutputInterface. Mobility messages pin an interface, bypassing that path, and this lookup selects the old route instead. Thus a mobility packet can take a different first hop from ordinary packets to the same destination.

Example: A correspondent node reaches a mobile node's care-of address through router A. Router A redirects that destination to router B on the same link. Ordinary packets use B, but a later Binding Acknowledgement still uses A; if A stops forwarding, the acknowledgement does not arrive.

Recommended fix: In getNextHopOnInterface, consult lookupDestCache before the route scan and accept its next hop only if its cached interface matches interfaceId. Fall back to the longest matching route on the pinned interface otherwise, and test a redirected destination with a subsequent pinned mobility message.

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}
return Ipv6Address::UNSPECIFIED_ADDRESS;
}

void Mipv6::processBUMessage(Packet *inPacket, const Ptr<const BindingUpdate>& bu)
{
EV_INFO << "Entered BU processing method" << endl;
Expand Down
9 changes: 9 additions & 0 deletions src/inet/networklayer/mipv6/Mipv6.h
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Expand Up @@ -309,6 +309,15 @@ class INET_API Mipv6 : public OperationalBase, public IIpv6ExtensionHeaderHandle
simtime_t sendTime = 0); // overloaded for use at CN - CB
// void sendMobilityMessageToIPv6Module(cMessage *msg, const Ipv6Address& destAddr, simtime_t sendTime = 0); // overloaded for use at CN - CB

/**
* Returns the next hop toward destAddr through the given interface: destAddr itself
* for a link-local destination or when the longest matching route through that
* interface is on-link, otherwise that route's next hop. Returns the unspecified
* address for a multicast destination and when no route through the interface
* matches.
*/
Ipv6Address getNextHopOnInterface(const Ipv6Address& destAddr, int interfaceId) const;

/**
* Process a BU - only applicable to HAs and CNs.
*/
Expand Down
28 changes: 14 additions & 14 deletions tests/fingerprint/examples.csv
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Expand Up @@ -31,14 +31,14 @@
/examples/bgpv4/BgpUpdate/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 30s, 9552-83f7/tplx;3a06-a4f0/~tNl;62be-5688/~tND;0573-e0b4/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv4
/examples/bgpv4/BgpAndOspf/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 1000s, 1e22-36e3/tplx;2b66-00b2/~tNl;430e-7064/~tND;de89-afd7/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv4
/examples/bgpv4/BgpAndOspfSimple/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 1000s, dc15-38aa/tplx;dacd-0cbd/~tNl;46d3-bcb3/~tND;8a59-2347/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv4
/examples/bgpv4/BgpIpv6Basic/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 30s, 4094-e79b/tplx;a631-2b6d/~tNl;7b45-6ce9/~tND;b856-841a/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac Ipv6
/examples/bgpv4/BgpAndOspfv3/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 100s, 279e-7c39/tplx;c850-91d5/~tNl;4a67-0d99/~tND, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6
/examples/bgpv4/BgpIpv6Basic/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 30s, a26e-8273/tplx;36ba-430c/~tNl;e9c4-a35f/~tND;b856-841a/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac Ipv6
/examples/bgpv4/BgpAndOspfv3/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 100s, 67be-f00f/tplx;7d88-3330/~tNl;64a4-c663/~tND, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6
/examples/bgpv4/BgpDiamondFailover/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 160s, 819b-726f/tplx;759b-8711/~tNl;f690-850d/~tND;fc56-f343/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv4 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpDiamondFailover6/,-f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 160s, a666-6758/tplx;d51e-c4d6/~tNl;2735-bd52/~tND;5c49-0569/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpDiamondFailover6/,-f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 160s, 7ce1-a53b/tplx;ebe9-b795/~tNl;5b84-f820/~tND;5c49-0569/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpWithdrawal/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 100s, 5c56-7cbf/tplx;8250-4312/~tNl;4fe4-ce94/~tND;4b70-109c/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv4 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpWithdrawal/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Restart -r 0, 160s, ca6f-1994/tplx;93e2-ddd6/~tNl;e095-19d7/~tND;6886-9c54/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv4 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpWithdrawal6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 100s, ab2e-3ef8/tplx;9719-7216/~tNl;3f7c-49a9/~tND;e5cd-25cd/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpWithdrawal6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Restart -r 0, 160s, 1049-f3fa/tplx;9430-9652/~tNl;16c8-e8fa/~tND;92cc-81f6/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpWithdrawal6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 100s, 70ed-0ae3/tplx;5b70-b964/~tNl;1866-187a/~tND;e5cd-25cd/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6 lifecycle
/examples/bgpv4/BgpWithdrawal6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Restart -r 0, 160s, d5d0-192b/tplx;3c33-5b8e/~tNl;c72e-402c/~tND;92cc-81f6/tyf, PASS, ospf EthernetMac Ipv6 lifecycle

/examples/clock/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 10ms, 35c3-8325/tplx;0000-0000/~tNl;0000-0000/~tND;a4b7-bff5/tyf, PASS,

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -336,7 +336,7 @@

# /examples/ipv6/nclients/, -f omnetpp.ini -c TCP_APP -r 0 # abstract-config
# /examples/ipv6/nclients/, -f omnetpp.ini -c SCTP_APP -r 0 # abstract-config
/examples/ipv6/nclients/, -f omnetpp.ini -c ETH -r 0, 1000s, 5ceb-d724/tplx;f68f-bd29/~tNl;dc62-23bc/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/nclients/, -f omnetpp.ini -c ETH -r 0, 1000s, 362d-6d53/tplx;bf89-7a8f/~tNl;dc62-23bc/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac

/examples/ipv6/nclients/, -f omnetpp.ini -c PPP -r 0, 1000s, e456-89b4/tplx;495e-637d/~tNl;70e4-0b40/tyf, PASS,
/examples/ipv6/nclients/, -f omnetpp.ini -c PPP_SCTP -r 0, 100s, 8e6b-b19c/tplx;72ba-2d33/~tNl;6414-b270/~tND;acbf-ec68/tyf, PASS,
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -365,25 +365,25 @@
# /examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c _IPv6 -r 0, # abstract-config
# /examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c _Generic -r 0, # abstract-config
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c IPv4 -r 0, 20s, 1128-a3bc/tplx;9f6c-df77/~tNl;5d32-0ae4/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc Ipv4
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c IPv6 -r 0, 20s, e008-a90a/tplx;eead-fc34/~tNl;f19e-13d3/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c IPv6 -r 0, 20s, 7787-9c5d/tplx;ee66-a52a/~tNl;f19e-13d3/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Generic -r 0, 20s, 6b9d-8586/tplx;c58b-970e/~tNl;17f5-8ad3/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
# /examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c _Multi -r 0, # abstract-config
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c MultiIPv4 -r 0, 20s, d4a1-5cf9/tplx;c727-b58f/~tNl;bf7d-a45f/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc Ipv4
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c MultiIPv6 -r 0, 20s, e008-a90a/tplx;eead-fc34/~tNl;273d-a6b5/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c MultiIPv6 -r 0, 20s, 7787-9c5d/tplx;ee66-a52a/~tNl;273d-a6b5/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c MultiGeneric -r 0, 20s, 5c6b-556c/tplx;e56d-c248/~tNl;c35c-205b/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Manual -r 0, 20s, 41d0-4325/tplx;b911-bca9/~tNl;8a0e-d569/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc Ipv4
# /examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c _Dynamic -r 0, # abstract-config
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c DynamicIPv4 -r 0, 20s, ce31-f8ed/tplx;8a3b-235d/~tNl;3ecd-bfef/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc Ipv4
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c DynamicIPv6 -r 0, 20s, e618-be99/tplx;edb3-6679/~tNl;2653-aa28/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c DynamicIPv6 -r 0, 20s, e378-1afe/tplx;b62a-cdf2/~tNl;2653-aa28/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc
/examples/manetrouting/gpsr/, -f omnetpp.ini -c DynamicGeneric -r 0, 20s, 732c-c576/tplx;03c2-f3ec/~tNl;fb81-3dac/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc

/examples/manetrouting/multiradio/, -f omnetpp.ini -c MultiRadio -r 0, 20s, ec17-5cc2/tplx;55f5-0894/~tNl, PASS, wireless adhoc Ipv4
/examples/manetrouting/multiradio/, -f omnetpp.ini -c SingleRadio -r 0, 20s, 85a0-51b8/tplx;c07a-44e1/~tNl;3aa0-49ed/tyf, PASS, wireless adhoc Ipv4

/examples/ipv6/mipv6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Handover -r 0, 70s, dca6-3751/tplx;a44c-17bf/~tNl;96ff-ed7c/~tND;44ef-1a45/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/mipv6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c RouteOptimizationTwoCNs -r 0, 60s, 1560-028f/tplx;e6db-28c0/~tNl;805b-8a25/~tND;ed3e-17fa/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/mipv6roaming/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Roaming -r 0, 70s, 342e-5e65/tplx;28ce-974e/~tNl;dcec-ae59/~tND;afae-2b3c/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/pmipv6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 60s, 081b-769c/tplx;1064-9bd4/~tNl;bd46-d85c/~tND;0277-d784/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/mipv6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Handover -r 0, 70s, 0fef-37ec/tplx;0844-99eb/~tNl;2308-14bb/~tND;44ef-1a45/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/mipv6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c RouteOptimizationTwoCNs -r 0, 60s, d3cb-de8b/tplx;907f-cb55/~tNl;ecf9-c130/~tND;ed3e-17fa/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/mipv6roaming/, -f omnetpp.ini -c Roaming -r 0, 70s, 7035-050f/tplx;403e-7666/~tNl;97c7-529a/~tND;afae-2b3c/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac
/examples/ipv6/pmipv6/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 60s, 2778-df83/tplx;c7f6-cd7f/~tNl;7cc7-064c/~tND;0277-d784/tyf, PASS, wireless EthernetMac

/examples/mobility/, -f omnetpp.ini -c AnsimMobility -r 0, 10000s, 72f8-5c0b/tplx;0000-0000/~tNl;0000-0000/~tND;7dd1-18eb/tyf, PASS,
/examples/mobility, -f omnetpp.ini -c AttachedMobility, 10s, 566c-6355/tplx;0000-0000/~tNl;0000-0000/~tND;fa92-f68c/tyf, PASS,
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -528,7 +528,7 @@
/examples/rip/mixednetwork/, -f omnetpp.ini -c disconnect -r 0, 100s, cff2-9525/tplx;ba53-ebda/~tNl;fa7d-05a5/~tND;65b9-9e8c/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac Ipv4
/examples/rip/mixednetwork/, -f omnetpp.ini -c shutdown-restart -r 0, 100s, 3f15-0c9c/tplx;0916-8bd0/~tNl;d7b7-042f/~tND;3d73-91e0/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac Ipv4
/examples/rip/simpletest/, -f omnetpp.ini -c IPv4 -r 0, 100s, e4b8-5591/tplx;eede-9ed7/~tNl;a16a-0e30/~tND;bac1-99b5/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac Ipv4
/examples/rip/simpletest/, -f omnetpp.ini -c IPv6 -r 0, 100s, 86c3-66f0/tplx;ce03-6f52/~tNl;883f-6d71/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac
/examples/rip/simpletest/, -f omnetpp.ini -c IPv6 -r 0, 100s, ca72-7399/tplx;1c05-e326/~tNl;883f-6d71/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac
/examples/rip/simpletest/, -f omnetpp.ini -c MultiIPv4 -r 0, 100s, 640c-b305/tplx;2dde-f981/~tNl;d7cc-b710/~tND;3d31-178a/tyf, PASS, EthernetMac Ipv4

/examples/rtp/multicast1/, -f omnetpp.ini -c General -r 0, 500s, 3b10-2c5c/tplx;b015-6f81/~tNl;5260-d4c2/~tND;d294-df5c/tyf, PASS, igmp Ipv4
Expand Down
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