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<section id="RockyLinux">
<title>Rocky Linux</title>
<para>CentOS 8 的后续版本，CentOS 替代方案</para>
<section>
<title>制作 U 盘</title>
<para>查看 U 盘设备</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
Neo-iMac:~ neo$ diskutil list
/dev/disk0 (internal, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *28.0 GB disk0
1: EFI EFI 314.6 MB disk0s1
2: Apple_APFS Container disk2 27.7 GB disk0s2
/dev/disk1 (internal, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk1
1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk1s1
2: Apple_APFS Container disk2 1000.0 GB disk1s2
/dev/disk2 (synthesized):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: APFS Container Scheme - +1.0 TB disk2
Physical Stores disk0s2, disk1s2
1: APFS Volume Macintosh HD - 数据 148.6 GB disk2s1
2: APFS Volume Preboot 269.0 MB disk2s2
3: APFS Volume Recovery 1.1 GB disk2s3
4: APFS Volume VM 2.2 GB disk2s4
5: APFS Volume Macintosh HD 15.7 GB disk2s5
6: APFS Snapshot com.apple.os.update-... 15.7 GB disk2s5s1
7: APFS Volume Data 2.1 GB disk2s7
/dev/disk3 (external, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: *30.8 GB disk3
]]>
</screen>
<para>/dev/disk3 是 U 盘，使用下面命令将ISO镜像制作成启动盘</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
Neo-iMac:Data neo$ ls
Rocky-8.5-x86_64-minimal.iso
Neo-iMac:Data neo$ sudo dd if=Rocky-8.5-x86_64-minimal.iso of=/dev/rdisk3 bs=100m
Password:
]]>
</screen>
<para>过程比较缓慢，请耐心等待</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
sudo dd if=Rocky-9.0-x86_64-minimal.iso of=/dev/rdisk4 bs=100m
]]>
</screen>
<para>Rocky Linux 安装过程与 CentOS 8 没有太大差异。</para>
</section>
<section id="Rocky.ISO">
<title>Rocky-9.3-x86_64-minimal.iso 镜像初始化</title>
<para></para>
<para>首次安装后初始化系统</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cp /etc/dnf/dnf.conf{,.original}
echo "fastestmirror=true" >> /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
dnf makecache
]]>
</screen>
<para>Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux repository configuration
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf -y upgrade
dnf -y install epel-release
]]>
</screen>
<para>管理员常用工具</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf install -y bzip2 tree psmisc \
telnet wget rsync vim-enhanced \
net-tools bind-utils
]]>
</screen>
<para>设置终端字符集（这样对 macOS 更友好），还可以解决 Failed to set locale, defaulting
to
C.UTF-8 问题
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf install -y langpacks-en glibc-langpack-en
localectl set-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8
cat >> /etc/environment <<EOF
LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE=UTF-8
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<!-- dnf install langpacks-en glibc-all-langpacks -y -->
<para>设置历史记录格式，可以看到命令的执行时间</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/profile.d/history.sh <<EOF
# Administrator specific aliases and functions for system security
export HISTSIZE=10000
export HISTFILESIZE=10000
export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S "
export TIME_STYLE=long-iso
EOF
source /etc/profile.d/history.sh
]]>
</screen>
<para>sysctl 优化</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf <<EOF
# add by netkiller
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10000 65500
net.core.somaxconn = 1024
vm.max_map_count = 262144
# TCP BBR
net.core.default_qdisc=fq
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr
EOF
sysctl -p
]]>
</screen>
<para>确认 ulimit 已经优化</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat > /etc/security/limits.d/20-nofile.conf <<EOF
root soft nofile 65535
root hard nofile 65535
docker soft nofile 65535
docker hard nofile 65535
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<para>设置时区</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
]]>
</screen>
<para>安装时间同步服务 chronyd 并确认工作正常</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf install -y chrony
systemctl enable chronyd
systemctl start chronyd
]]>
</screen>
<para>zmodem 用来上传和下载文件（注意 macOS 的 Terminal.app 不支持）</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf install -y lrzsz
]]>
</screen>
<para>优化 SSH</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config{,.original}
vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config <<EOF > /dev/null 2>&1
:43,43s/PermitRootLogin yes/PermitRootLogin no/
:84,84s/GSSAPIAuthentication yes/GSSAPIAuthentication no/
:99,99s/#AllowTcpForwarding yes/AllowTcpForwarding no/
:106,106/X11Forwarding yes/X11Forwarding no/
:116,116s/#TCPKeepAlive yes/TCPKeepAlive yes/
:121,121s/#UseDNS no/UseDNS no/
:wq
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<para>禁止 root 登陆，开启 sudo</para>
<para>禁用普通用户，我们需要一个普通用户登陆，然后使用 sudo 暂时获得 root 权限，我不打算新建一个用户，发现系统里面内置了
operator 这个操作员用户符合我的需求。
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
usermod -s /bin/bash -aG wheel operator
PASSWORD=$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc [:alnum:] | head -c 32)
echo operator:${PASSWORD} | chpasswd
echo "operator password: ${PASSWORD}"
]]>
</screen>
<para>将 /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin 路径加入到 Defaults secure_path =
/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin，否则sudo找不到
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin 中的可执行文件。
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
sed -i "s/#PermitRootLogin yes/PermitRootLogin no/" /etc/ssh/sshd_config
systemctl restart sshd
cp /etc/sudoers{,.original}
sed -i '88s#$#:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin#' /etc/sudoers
visudo -c
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="rockylinux.net">
<title>.Net 环境</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@netkiller ~]# dnf search dotnet
Last metadata expiration check: 0:30:16 ago on Mon 06 Jan 2025 11:11:05 AM CST.
=============================================================== Name Matched: dotnet ================================================================
dotnet-apphost-pack-6.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 6.0
dotnet-apphost-pack-7.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 7.0
dotnet-apphost-pack-8.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0
dotnet-apphost-pack-9.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 9.0
dotnet-host.x86_64 : .NET command line launcher
dotnet-hostfxr-6.0.x86_64 : .NET command line host resolver
dotnet-hostfxr-7.0.x86_64 : .NET command line host resolver
dotnet-hostfxr-8.0.x86_64 : .NET command line host resolver
dotnet-hostfxr-9.0.x86_64 : .NET command line host resolver
dotnet-runtime-6.0.x86_64 : NET 6.0 runtime
dotnet-runtime-7.0.x86_64 : NET 7.0 runtime
dotnet-runtime-8.0.x86_64 : NET 8.0 runtime
dotnet-runtime-9.0.x86_64 : NET 9.0 runtime
dotnet-runtime-dbg-8.0.x86_64 : Managed debug symbols NET 8.0 runtime
dotnet-runtime-dbg-9.0.x86_64 : Managed debug symbols NET 9.0 runtime
dotnet-sdk-6.0.x86_64 : .NET 6.0 Software Development Kit
dotnet-sdk-7.0.x86_64 : .NET 7.0 Software Development Kit
dotnet-sdk-8.0.x86_64 : .NET 8.0 Software Development Kit
dotnet-sdk-9.0.x86_64 : .NET 9.0 Software Development Kit
dotnet-sdk-aot-9.0.x86_64 : Ahead-of-Time (AOT) support for the .NET 9.0 Software Development Kit
dotnet-sdk-dbg-8.0.x86_64 : Managed debug symbols for the .NET 8.0 Software Development Kit
dotnet-sdk-dbg-9.0.x86_64 : Managed debug symbols for the .NET 9.0 Software Development Kit
dotnet-targeting-pack-6.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 6.0
dotnet-targeting-pack-7.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 7.0
dotnet-targeting-pack-8.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0
dotnet-targeting-pack-9.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.NETCore.App 9.0
dotnet-templates-6.0.x86_64 : .NET 6.0 templates
dotnet-templates-7.0.x86_64 : .NET 7.0 templates
dotnet-templates-8.0.x86_64 : .NET 8.0 templates
dotnet-templates-9.0.x86_64 : .NET 9.0 templates
]]>
</screen>
<section>
<title>运行环境</title>
<para>只安装运行境</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@netkiller ~]# dnf install dotnet-runtime-7.0
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>开发包</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@netkiller ~]# dnf install dotnet-sdk-7.0
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="aspnetcore">
<title>aspnetcore</title>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
[root@netkiller ~]# dnf search aspnetcore
Last metadata expiration check: 0:31:08 ago on Mon 06 Jan 2025 11:11:05 AM CST.
======================================================== Name & Summary Matched: aspnetcore =========================================================
aspnetcore-targeting-pack-6.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 6.0
aspnetcore-targeting-pack-7.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 7.0
aspnetcore-targeting-pack-8.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 8.0
aspnetcore-targeting-pack-9.0.x86_64 : Targeting Pack for Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 9.0
============================================================= Name Matched: aspnetcore ==============================================================
aspnetcore-runtime-6.0.x86_64 : ASP.NET Core 6.0 runtime
aspnetcore-runtime-7.0.x86_64 : ASP.NET Core 7.0 runtime
aspnetcore-runtime-8.0.x86_64 : ASP.NET Core 8.0 runtime
aspnetcore-runtime-9.0.x86_64 : ASP.NET Core 9.0 runtime
aspnetcore-runtime-dbg-8.0.x86_64 : Managed debug symbols for the ASP.NET Core 8.0 runtime
aspnetcore-runtime-dbg-9.0.x86_64 : Managed debug symbols for the ASP.NET Core 9.0 runtime
]]>
</programlisting>
</section>
<section>
<title>后台运行</title>
<para></para>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
[Unit]
Description="Netkiller Service"
Wants=network-online.target
StartLimitIntervalSec=60
StartLimitBurst=5
[Service]
WorkingDirectory=/srv/RCT/WD.Net.Web.Admin
ExecStart=dotnet /srv/RCT/WD.Net.Web.Admin/bin/Release/net7.0/WD.Net.Web.Admin.dll --urls "http://*:8086"
Restart=always
RestartSec=10s
StartLimitInterval=0
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target
]]>
</programlisting>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@netkiller ~]# systemctl start api.service
[root@netkiller ~]# systemctl status api.service
]]>
</screen>
<para>配置文件中设置端口</para>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
dotnet YourApp.dll --urls "http://*:5002"
]]>
</programlisting>
<para>在 appsettings.json 或 appsettings.Production.json 中直接配置端口号：</para>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
示例：
{
"Kestrel": {
"Endpoints": {
"Http": {
"Url": "http://localhost:5003"
}
}
}
}
]]>
</programlisting>
<para></para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@netkiller net7.0]# ss -lnt | egrep "8085|8086"
LISTEN 0 512 *:8086 *:*
LISTEN 0 512 *:8085 *:*
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="AlmaLinux">
<title>AlmaLinux</title>
<section>
<title>制作 U 盘启动盘</title>
<para>桌面版 AlmaLinux-9-latest-x86_64-dvd.iso</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro-M2 ~/Downloads> sudo dd if=AlmaLinux-9.3-x86_64-minimal.iso of=/dev/rdisk4 bs=100m
]]>
</screen>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
iMac:Downloads neo$ sudo dd if=AlmaLinux-9-latest-x86_64-dvd.iso of=/dev/rdisk2 bs=100m
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>AlmaLinux 镜像安装初始化</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf -y upgrade
dnf -y install epel-release
dnf install -y bzip2 tree psmisc \
telnet wget rsync vim-enhanced \
net-tools bind-utils
]]>
</screen>
<para>将其改为英文</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/environment <<EOF
LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE=UTF-8
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<para>设置历史记录格式，可以看到命令的执行时间</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/profile.d/history.sh <<EOF
# Administrator specific aliases and functions for system security
export HISTSIZE=10000
export HISTFILESIZE=10000
export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S "
export TIME_STYLE=long-iso
EOF
source /etc/profile.d/history.sh
]]>
</screen>
<para>sysctl 优化</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf <<EOF
# add by netkiller
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1025 65500
net.core.somaxconn = 1024
# TCP BBR
net.core.default_qdisc=fq
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr
fs.inotify.max_user_instances=65535
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=5088930
EOF
sysctl -p
]]>
</screen>
<para>ulimit 优化</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat > /etc/security/limits.d/20-nofile.conf <<EOF
* soft nofile 655350
* hard nofile 655350
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cp /etc/selinux/config{,.original}
sed -i "s/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/" /etc/selinux/config
setenforce Permissive
]]>
</screen>
<para>关闭防火墙</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
systemctl disable firewalld
systemctl stop firewalld
]]>
</screen>
<para>时间同步</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf install -y chrony
systemctl start chronyd
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>Minimal 版本安装 XWindows</title>
<para>迷你版安装桌面</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf update -y
dnf grouplist
dnf groupinstall -y "Server with GUI"
]]>
</screen>
<section>
<title>KVM 虚拟机</title>
<para>安装虚拟机</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
dnf groupinstall -y "Virtualization Host"
dnf install -y virt-manager
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable libvirtd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start libvirtd
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install -y bridge-utils
[root@localhost ~]# brctl addbr br0
[root@localhost ~]# brctl addif br0 enp3s0
[root@localhost ~]# brctl stp br0 on
[root@localhost ~]# brctl show
]]>
</screen>
<para>使用 nmtui 给 br0 设置 IP 地址、子网掩码和DNS</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@localhost ~]# nmtui
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="install.ubuntu">
<title>Debian / Ubuntu</title>
<para>
Ubuntu Server Edition
<ulink url="http://www.ubuntu.com/">http://www.ubuntu.com/</ulink>
</para>
<para>
Debian
<ulink url="https://www.debian.org/index.zh-cn.html">https://www.debian.org/index.zh-cn.html</ulink>
</para>
<section id="linux.debian">
<title>Debian 12</title>
<para>下载并制作启动盘，如果你的网络环境比较好，可以网络安装，下载 debian-12.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro-M2 ~/Downloads> ls debian-12.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso
debian-12.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso
neo@MacBook-Pro-M2 ~/Downloads> sudo dd if=debian-12.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso of=/dev/rdisk4 bs=16M status=progress oflag=sync
Password:
771751936 bytes (772 MB, 736 MiB) transferred 93.628s, 8243 kB/s
46+1 records in
46+1 records out
773849088 bytes transferred in 93.869599 secs (8243873 bytes/sec)
]]>
</screen>
<para>debian-12.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso 是离线安装 DVD 版本</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro-M2 ~/Downloads> ls debian-12.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
debian-12.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
neo@MacBook-Pro-M2 ~/Downloads> sudo dd if=debian-12.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso of=/dev/rdisk4 bs=16M status=progress oflag=sync
Password:
3925868544 bytes (3926 MB, 3744 MiB) transferred 353.296s, 11 MB/s
234+1 records in
234+1 records out
3931095040 bytes transferred in 353.732449 secs (11113188 bytes/sec)
]]>
</screen>
<section id="debian.init">
<title>通用初始化设置</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
apt install -y curl vim
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>历史记录优化</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/profile.d/history.sh <<EOF
# Administrator specific aliases and functions for system security
# Add by netkiller
export HISTSIZE=10000
export HISTFILESIZE=10000
export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S "
export TIME_STYLE=long-iso
EOF
source /etc/profile.d/history.sh
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>关闭 SELinux</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/selinux/config <<EOF
# Add by netkiller
SELINUX=disabled
EOF
setenforce Permissive
]]>
</screen>
<tip>
<para>很多云主机的linux系统selinux被裁剪掉了，所以不用关闭 selinux</para>
</tip>
</section>
<section>
<title>sysctl / ulimit</title>
<para>sysctl 优化</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf <<EOF
# Netkiller
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1025 65500
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1800
net.core.netdev_max_backlog=3000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 1024
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 4096
net.core.somaxconn = 1024
# TCP BBR
net.core.default_qdisc=fq
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr
EOF
#net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 60
sysctl -p
]]>
</screen>
<tip>
<para>如果是阿里云会自动帮你配置</para>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
# see details in https://help.aliyun.com/knowledge_detail/39428.html
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
# see details in https://help.aliyun.com/knowledge_detail/41334.html
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 1024
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0
]]>
</programlisting>
</tip>
<para>ulimit 优化</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat > /etc/security/limits.d/20-nofile.conf <<EOF
www soft nofile 65535
www hard nofile 65535
nginx soft nofile 65535
nginx hard nofile 65535
mysql soft nofile 65535
mysql hard nofile 65535
redis soft nofile 65535
redis hard nofile 65535
rabbitmq soft nofile 40960
rabbitmq hard nofile 40960
hadoop soft nofile 65535
hadoop hard nofile 65535
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<tip>
<para>如果是阿里云，不需要配置</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# cat /etc/security/limits.conf | tail -n 6
# End of file
root soft nofile 65535
root hard nofile 65535
* soft nofile 65535
* hard nofile 65535
]]>
</screen>
</tip>
<para>Redis 配置</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf <<EOF
# Redis
net.core.somaxconn = 1024
vm.overcommit_memory=1
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<para>MongoDB 配置</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat <<'EOF'>> /etc/rc.local
if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled; then
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
fi
if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag; then
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
fi
EOF
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>时间同步</title>
<para>查看时区</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat /etc/timezone
]]>
</screen>
<para></para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# timedatectl set-local-rtc 0
root@netkiller:~# timedatectl
Local time: Tue 2021-08-17 10:32:27 CST
Universal time: Tue 2021-08-17 02:32:27 UTC
RTC time: Tue 2021-08-17 02:32:27
Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
Network time on: yes
NTP synchronized: yes
RTC in local TZ: no
]]>
</screen>
<para>确认 Network time on: yes 和 NTP synchronized: yes 开启，然后启动时间同步
systemd-timesyncd.service。
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# systemctl start systemd-timesyncd.service
root@netkiller:~# systemctl status systemd-timesyncd.service
● systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.d
└─disable-with-time-daemon.conf
Active: inactive (dead)
Condition: start condition failed at Tue 2021-08-17 10:29:36 CST; 14min ago
Docs: man:systemd-timesyncd.service(8)
Aug 17 10:29:36 netkiller systemd[1]: Stopped Network Time Synchronization.
]]>
</screen>
<para>如果 systemd-timesyncd.service 启动失败，可能是系统已经有其他时间同步服务在运行。查看方法
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# cat /lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.d/disable-with-time-daemon.conf
[Unit]
# don't run timesyncd if we have another NTP daemon installed
ConditionFileIsExecutable=!/usr/sbin/ntpd
ConditionFileIsExecutable=!/usr/sbin/openntpd
ConditionFileIsExecutable=!/usr/sbin/chronyd
ConditionFileIsExecutable=!/usr/sbin/VBoxService
]]>
</screen>
<para>然后逐一检查 ConditionFileIsExecutable 后面的程序，最终我们找到了 chronyd</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# whereis chronyd
chronyd: /usr/sbin/chronyd /usr/share/man/man8/chronyd.8.gz
root@netkiller:~# systemctl status chrony
● chrony.service - LSB: Controls chronyd NTP time daemon
Loaded: loaded (/etc/init.d/chrony; bad; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-08-16 19:05:31 CST; 15h ago
Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
CGroup: /system.slice/chrony.service
└─1222 /usr/sbin/chronyd
Aug 16 19:05:29 netkiller systemd[1]: Starting LSB: Controls chronyd NTP time daemon...
Aug 16 19:05:29 netkiller chronyd[1222]: chronyd version 2.1.1 starting (+CMDMON +NTP +REFCLOCK +RTC +PRIVDROP -DEBUG +ASYNCDNS +IPV6 +SECHASH)
Aug 16 19:05:29 netkiller chronyd[1222]: Frequency -14.398 +/- 0.452 ppm read from /var/lib/chrony/drift
Aug 16 19:05:31 netkiller chrony[1201]: Password: chronyd is running and online.
Aug 16 19:05:31 netkiller systemd[1]: Started LSB: Controls chronyd NTP time daemon.
Aug 16 19:05:39 netkiller chronyd[1222]: Selected source 100.100.61.88
]]>
</screen>
<para>确保 chronyd 处于工作状态，systemd-timesyncd.service 与 chronyd
选择其中一个即可。所以我们不用在关心 systemd-timesyncd.service
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>启动 rc.local</title>
<para>/etc/rc.local 是一个开机启动脚本</para>
<tip>
<para>很多系统已经弃用了该运行方案</para>
</tip>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# cat /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh -e
#
# rc.local
#
# This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.
# Make sure that the script will "exit 0" on success or any other
# value on error.
#
# In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution
# bits.
#
# By default this script does nothing.
exit 0
]]>
</screen>
<para>注意：一定要删除 exit 0，之所以加入这行就是linux系统不鼓励你使用 rc.local </para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# sed -i '$d' /etc/rc.local
]]>
</screen>
<para>删除后效果</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@netkiller:~# cat /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh -e
#
# rc.local
#
# This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.
# Make sure that the script will "exit 0" on success or any other
# value on error.
#
# In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution
# bits.
#
# By default this script does nothing.
]]>
</screen>
<para>rc-local.service 需要做如下配置</para>
<!-- /lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service.d/debian.conf -->
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cat >> /lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service <<EOF
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
]]>
</screen>
<para></para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@netkiller ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.local
[root@netkiller ~]# systemctl enable rc-local
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/rc-local.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service.
[root@netkiller ~]# systemctl start rc-local
[root@netkiller ~]# systemctl status rc-local
● rc-local.service - /etc/rc.d/rc.local Compatibility
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (exited) since Mon 2021-08-16 12:57:16 CST; 2s ago
Docs: man:systemd-rc-local-generator(8)
Process: 532000 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/rc.local start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Aug 16 12:57:16 testing systemd[1]: Starting /etc/rc.d/rc.local Compatibility...
Aug 16 12:57:16 testing systemd[1]: Started /etc/rc.d/rc.local Compatibility.
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>禁用防火墙</title>
<para>禁用防火墙</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
root@production:~# ufw disable
Firewall stopped and disabled on system startup
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>更换包镜像</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
sudo sed -i 's/deb.debian.org/mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
W: GPG error: https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security buster/updates InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 112695A0E562B32A NO_PUBKEY 54404762BBB6E853
E: The repository 'https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security buster/updates InRelease' is not signed.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
E: The repository 'https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian buster-backports Release' does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
E: The repository 'https://mirrors.aliyun.com/dotnet/apt stable Release' does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
E: The repository 'https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/dotnet/apt stable Release' does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
]]>
</screen>
<para>解决方案</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
ubuntu@VM-0-13-ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 54404762BBB6E853
Executing: /tmp/apt-key-gpghome.IEJiYBE5PB/gpg.1.sh --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 54404762BBB6E853
gpg: key A48449044AAD5C5D: public key "Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (11/bullseye) <ftpmaster@debian.org>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="install.centos8">
<title>CentOS 8 Stream</title>
<para>Centos 8 较之前的版本改动比较大</para>
<itemizedlist>
<title>CentOS 有两个发行版</title>
<listitem>CentOS stream：滚动发布的 Linux 发行版，适用于需要频繁更新的开发者</listitem>
<listitem>CentOS：类似 RHEL 8 的稳定操作系统，系统管理员可以用其部署或配置服务和应用</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section>
<title>U 盘安装 CentOS Stream</title>
<para>下载 ISO 文件你会发现只有boot和dvd1，boot 是网络安装，而DVD1差不多8G，估计你的手上没有
DVD9光盘，普通DVD光盘是D5只有4.7G，那么怎么安装呢，使用U盘。
</para>
<para>将ISO文件烧录到U盘中，方法如下。</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro-Neo ~/Downloads % sudo dd if=CentOS-Stream-x86_64-dvd1.iso of=/dev/disk2 bs=1m
Password:
dd: /dev/disk2: end of device
7581+0 records in
7580+1 records out
7948210176 bytes transferred in 1500.898226 secs (5295636 bytes/sec)
]]>
</screen>
<para>我手上并没有大容量U盘，我是用USB读卡器+8GB TF卡。</para>
<para>使用 dd 命令将 ISO 写入U盘后，使用U盘启动电脑就可以安装了。</para>
<para>如果下载速度慢，可以从国内镜像下载 ISO 文件</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro-Neo ~ % wget -c http://mirrors.163.com/centos/8-stream/isos/x86_64/CentOS-Stream-8-x86_64-20210706-dvd1.iso
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>macOS 制作 U 盘启动盘速度慢</title>
<para>制作启动盘慢怎么解决</para>
<para>查看 U 盘设备文件，这里是 /dev/disk2</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro-Neo ~ % diskutil list
/dev/disk0 (internal, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *251.0 GB disk0
1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1
2: Apple_APFS Container disk1 250.8 GB disk0s2
/dev/disk1 (synthesized):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: APFS Container Scheme - +250.8 GB disk1
Physical Store disk0s2
1: APFS Volume Macintosh HD - Data 209.8 GB disk1s1
2: APFS Volume Preboot 685.0 MB disk1s2
3: APFS Volume Recovery 620.1 MB disk1s3
4: APFS Volume VM 6.4 GB disk1s4
5: APFS Volume Macintosh HD 15.4 GB disk1s5
6: APFS Snapshot com.apple.os.update-... 15.4 GB disk1s5s1
/dev/disk2 (external, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: *30.8 GB disk2
]]>
</screen>
<para>制作U盘启动盘，注意！将 /dev/disk2 改成 /dev/rdisk2 写入速度会提速，rdisk 是 rawdisk。
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro-Neo ~ % sudo dd if=CentOS-Stream-8-x86_64-20210706-dvd1.iso of=/dev/rdisk2 bs=100m
Password:
]]>
</screen>
<table>
<title>服务器怎样分区才合理</title>
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>卷（volume）</entry>
<entry>尺寸（size）</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>/boot/efi</entry>
<entry>500M</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>/boot</entry>
<entry>1G</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>/</entry>