diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
index 83564d12..c8942e38 100644
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -209,15 +209,15 @@ GEM
       mini_portile2 (~> 2.8.2)
       racc (~> 1.4)
     open3 (0.2.1)
-    parallel (1.27.0)
-    parser (3.3.10.0)
+    parallel (1.28.0)
+    parser (3.3.11.1)
       ast (~> 2.4.1)
       racc
     pg (1.6.3)
     pp (0.6.3)
       prettyprint
     prettyprint (0.2.0)
-    prism (1.4.0)
+    prism (1.9.0)
     proc_to_ast (0.2.0)
       parser
       rouge
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ GEM
       erb
       psych (>= 4.0.0)
       tsort
-    regexp_parser (2.10.0)
+    regexp_parser (2.12.0)
     reline (0.6.3)
       io-console (~> 0.5)
     request_store (1.5.1)
@@ -324,20 +324,20 @@ GEM
     rspec-support (3.13.7)
     rspec_junit_formatter (0.6.0)
       rspec-core (>= 2, < 4, != 2.12.0)
-    rubocop (1.75.8)
+    rubocop (1.86.1)
       json (~> 2.3)
       language_server-protocol (~> 3.17.0.2)
       lint_roller (~> 1.1.0)
-      parallel (~> 1.10)
+      parallel (>= 1.10)
       parser (>= 3.3.0.2)
       rainbow (>= 2.2.2, < 4.0)
       regexp_parser (>= 2.9.3, < 3.0)
-      rubocop-ast (>= 1.44.0, < 2.0)
+      rubocop-ast (>= 1.49.0, < 2.0)
       ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7)
       unicode-display_width (>= 2.4.0, < 4.0)
-    rubocop-ast (1.44.1)
+    rubocop-ast (1.49.1)
       parser (>= 3.3.7.2)
-      prism (~> 1.4)
+      prism (~> 1.7)
     rubocop-factory_bot (2.27.1)
       lint_roller (~> 1.1)
       rubocop (~> 1.72, >= 1.72.1)
@@ -350,9 +350,9 @@ GEM
       rack (>= 1.1)
       rubocop (>= 1.75.0, < 2.0)
       rubocop-ast (>= 1.44.0, < 2.0)
-    rubocop-rspec (3.6.0)
+    rubocop-rspec (3.9.0)
       lint_roller (~> 1.1)
-      rubocop (~> 1.72, >= 1.72.1)
+      rubocop (~> 1.81)
     rubocop-rspec_rails (2.31.0)
       lint_roller (~> 1.1)
       rubocop (~> 1.72, >= 1.72.1)
diff --git a/app/graphql/types/base_interface.rb b/app/graphql/types/base_interface.rb
index 14ea542f..8ad09de8 100644
--- a/app/graphql/types/base_interface.rb
+++ b/app/graphql/types/base_interface.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 module Types
   module BaseInterface
     include GraphQL::Schema::Interface
+
     edge_type_class(Types::BaseEdge)
     connection_type_class(Types::CountableConnectionType)
 
diff --git a/app/graphql/types/base_object.rb b/app/graphql/types/base_object.rb
index 6f7ae007..fe4cf814 100644
--- a/app/graphql/types/base_object.rb
+++ b/app/graphql/types/base_object.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 module Types
   class BaseObject < GraphQL::Schema::Object
     include Sagittarius::Graphql::HasMarkdownDocumentation
+
     edge_type_class(Types::BaseEdge)
     connection_type_class(Types::CountableConnectionType)
     field_class Types::BaseField
diff --git a/app/models/application_setting.rb b/app/models/application_setting.rb
index 43551c0c..c29321de 100644
--- a/app/models/application_setting.rb
+++ b/app/models/application_setting.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ class ApplicationSetting < ApplicationRecord
   include Code0::ZeroTrack::Loggable
 
   # Custom class used for policy association
-  ApplicationSettings = Class.new(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
-  MissingApplicationSettings = Class.new(StandardError)
+  class ApplicationSettings < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+  end
+
+  class MissingApplicationSettings < StandardError
+  end
 
   SETTINGS = {
     user_registration_enabled: 1,
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/has_translation.rb b/app/models/concerns/has_translation.rb
index 85f8cf1b..7a30bf91 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/has_translation.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/has_translation.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module HasTranslation
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
   class_methods do
-    # rubocop:disable Naming/PredicateName -- this is like has_many from rails rather than a boolean predicate
+    # rubocop:disable Naming/PredicatePrefix -- this is an association macro, not a predicate
     def has_translation(relation, purpose: nil)
       has_many relation, -> { by_purpose(purpose) },
                class_name: 'Translation',
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ def has_translation(relation, purpose: nil)
                autosave: true,
                dependent: :destroy
     end
-    # rubocop:enable Naming/PredicateName
+    # rubocop:enable Naming/PredicatePrefix
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/namespace.rb b/app/models/namespace.rb
index 633f7514..10e4c953 100644
--- a/app/models/namespace.rb
+++ b/app/models/namespace.rb
@@ -20,11 +20,9 @@ def user_type?
     parent_type == User.name
   end
 
-  # rubocop:disable Naming/PredicateName
-  def has_owner?
+  def owner?
     user_type?
   end
-  # rubocop:enable Naming/PredicateName
 
   def member?(user)
     return false if user.nil?
diff --git a/app/models/user.rb b/app/models/user.rb
index e71a9afb..a98fc596 100644
--- a/app/models/user.rb
+++ b/app/models/user.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 class User < ApplicationRecord
   include NamespaceParent
+
   has_secure_password
 
   validates :username, length: { maximum: 50 },
@@ -46,9 +47,9 @@ def validate_mfa!(mfa)
     case mfa_type
     when :backup_code
       backup_code = BackupCode.where(user: self, token: mfa_value)
-      mfa_passed = backup_code.count.positive?
+      mfa_passed = backup_code.any?
       backup_code.delete_all
-      mfa_passed = false unless backup_code.count.zero?
+      mfa_passed = false unless backup_code.none?
     when :totp
       totp = ROTP::TOTP.new(totp_secret)
       mfa_passed = totp.verify(mfa_value)
diff --git a/app/policies/base_policy.rb b/app/policies/base_policy.rb
index 77f265ee..e385784e 100644
--- a/app/policies/base_policy.rb
+++ b/app/policies/base_policy.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class BasePolicy < DeclarativePolicy::Base
-  InvalidUserError = Class.new(StandardError)
+  class InvalidUserError < StandardError
+  end
 
   def initialize(user, subject, opts = {})
     super
diff --git a/app/services/error_code.rb b/app/services/error_code.rb
index db3e21f1..b3604896 100644
--- a/app/services/error_code.rb
+++ b/app/services/error_code.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class ErrorCode
-  InvalidErrorCode = Class.new(StandardError)
+  class InvalidErrorCode < StandardError
+  end
 
   def self.validate_error_code!(error_code)
     return unless error_code.is_a?(Symbol)
diff --git a/app/services/namespaces/members/assign_roles_service.rb b/app/services/namespaces/members/assign_roles_service.rb
index 3e87a81e..ca9dd7b0 100644
--- a/app/services/namespaces/members/assign_roles_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/namespaces/members/assign_roles_service.rb
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def create_audit_event(new_roles, old_roles_for_audit_event, namespace)
       end
 
       def check_last_admin_user(t)
-        return if member.namespace.has_owner?
+        return if member.namespace.owner?
 
         unless member.namespace.roles
                      .joins(:abilities, :member_roles)
diff --git a/app/services/namespaces/members/delete_service.rb b/app/services/namespaces/members/delete_service.rb
index f89e9a2e..d4b63604 100644
--- a/app/services/namespaces/members/delete_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/namespaces/members/delete_service.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def execute
       private
 
       def check_last_administrator(t)
-        return if namespace_member.namespace.has_owner?
+        return if namespace_member.namespace.owner?
 
         unless namespace_member.namespace.roles
                                .joins(:abilities, :member_roles)
diff --git a/app/services/namespaces/roles/assign_abilities_service.rb b/app/services/namespaces/roles/assign_abilities_service.rb
index 326bec64..dca7a585 100644
--- a/app/services/namespaces/roles/assign_abilities_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/namespaces/roles/assign_abilities_service.rb
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def execute
       private
 
       def check_admin_existing(t)
-        return if role.namespace.has_owner?
+        return if role.namespace.owner?
 
         unless role.namespace.roles.where.not(id: role.id)
                    .joins(:abilities)
diff --git a/app/services/namespaces/roles/delete_service.rb b/app/services/namespaces/roles/delete_service.rb
index 10477130..c11ed160 100644
--- a/app/services/namespaces/roles/delete_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/namespaces/roles/delete_service.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def execute
           return ServiceResponse.error(message: 'Missing permissions', error_code: :missing_permission)
         end
 
-        if !namespace_role.namespace.has_owner? &&
+        if !namespace_role.namespace.owner? &&
            !namespace_role.namespace.roles.where.not(id: namespace_role.id)
                           .joins(:abilities)
                           .joins(:member_roles)
diff --git a/app/services/runtimes/check_runtime_compatibility_service.rb b/app/services/runtimes/check_runtime_compatibility_service.rb
index 1f7c0b85..582422a7 100644
--- a/app/services/runtimes/check_runtime_compatibility_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/runtimes/check_runtime_compatibility_service.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def check_versions(model, identifier_field = :identifier)
                                        error_code: :missing_definition)
         end
 
-        result = compare_version(curr_type.parsed_version, to_check.parsed_version)
+        result = compatible_version?(curr_type.parsed_version, to_check.parsed_version)
 
         unless result
           return ServiceResponse.error(message: "#{model} is outdated",
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def check_versions(model, identifier_field = :identifier)
 
     # true: compatible
     # false: not compatible
-    def compare_version(primary_version, to_check_version)
+    def compatible_version?(primary_version, to_check_version)
       return false if primary_version.segments[0] != to_check_version.segments[0]
       return false if primary_version.segments[1] > to_check_version.segments[1]
 
diff --git a/app/services/users/mfa/backup_codes/rotate_service.rb b/app/services/users/mfa/backup_codes/rotate_service.rb
index 37e27164..d1739b6d 100644
--- a/app/services/users/mfa/backup_codes/rotate_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/users/mfa/backup_codes/rotate_service.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def execute
           transactional do |t|
             old_codes = BackupCode.where(user: current_user)
             old_codes.delete_all
-            unless old_codes.count.zero?
+            unless old_codes.none?
               t.rollback_and_return! ServiceResponse.error(message: 'Failed to delete old backup codes',
                                                            error_code: :failed_to_invalidate_old_backup_codes)
             end
diff --git a/db/fixtures/production/01_users.rb b/db/fixtures/production/01_users.rb
index 81b285fa..cee5f412 100644
--- a/db/fixtures/production/01_users.rb
+++ b/db/fixtures/production/01_users.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-return unless User.count.zero?
+return unless User.none?
 
 initial_root_email = ENV.fetch('INITIAL_ROOT_MAIL', nil)
 initial_root_password = ENV.fetch('INITIAL_ROOT_PASSWORD', SecureRandom.hex)
diff --git a/db/fixtures/production/02_runtimes.rb b/db/fixtures/production/02_runtimes.rb
index 4947aaa3..7c2cdabf 100644
--- a/db/fixtures/production/02_runtimes.rb
+++ b/db/fixtures/production/02_runtimes.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 initial_runtime_token = ENV.fetch('INITIAL_RUNTIME_TOKEN', nil)
 return if initial_runtime_token.blank?
 
-return unless Runtime.count.zero?
+return unless Runtime.none?
 
 runtime = Runtime.new(
   name: 'Initial Runtime',
diff --git a/lib/sagittarius/graphql/stable_connection.rb b/lib/sagittarius/graphql/stable_connection.rb
index ffc96cbd..ca5259fd 100644
--- a/lib/sagittarius/graphql/stable_connection.rb
+++ b/lib/sagittarius/graphql/stable_connection.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def nodes
         results.slice(0, page_size)
       end
 
-      # rubocop:disable Naming/PredicateName -- this is required by graphql-ruby
+      # rubocop:disable Naming/PredicateMethod, Naming/PredicatePrefix -- these method names are required by graphql-ruby
       def has_next_page
         !backward? && results.size > page_size
       end
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def has_next_page
       def has_previous_page
         backward? && results.size > page_size
       end
-      # rubocop:enable Naming/PredicateName
+      # rubocop:enable Naming/PredicateMethod, Naming/PredicatePrefix
     end
     # rubocop:enable GraphQL/ObjectDescription
   end
diff --git a/lib/sagittarius/override.rb b/lib/sagittarius/override.rb
index f61fd94e..34051edb 100644
--- a/lib/sagittarius/override.rb
+++ b/lib/sagittarius/override.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ module Sagittarius
   module Override
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    InvalidMethodError = Class.new(StandardError)
-    MissingOverrideError = Class.new(StandardError)
+    class InvalidMethodError < StandardError
+    end
+
+    class MissingOverrideError < StandardError
+    end
 
     class_methods do
       def override(method)
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ def self.verify!(clazz)
 
     def self.verify_existence!(clazz)
       Override.extensions[clazz].each do |method|
-        unless clazz.instance_methods.include?(method)
+        unless clazz.method_defined?(method)
           raise_error! InvalidMethodError, "Method #{method} is not defined on #{clazz}"
         end
       end
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ def self.verify_overrides!(clazz)
       end
 
       Override.extensions[clazz].each do |method|
-        unless valid_sources.any? { |src| src.instance_methods(false).include?(method) }
+        unless valid_sources.any? { |src| src.method_defined?(method, false) }
           raise_error! MissingOverrideError, "Method #{method} is not defined on #{core_class} or a lower extension"
         end
       end
@@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ def self.verify_missing_overrides!(clazz, extended_modules)
         lower_sources = [clazz] + extended_modules[0...index]
 
         ext.instance_methods(false).each do |method|
-          source = lower_sources.find { |src| src.instance_methods(false).include?(method) }
+          source = lower_sources.find { |src| src.method_defined?(method, false) }
           next unless source
 
           overrides = Override.extensions[ext]
diff --git a/lib/sagittarius/validators/json_schema_validator.rb b/lib/sagittarius/validators/json_schema_validator.rb
index ad00ddbc..49374adf 100644
--- a/lib/sagittarius/validators/json_schema_validator.rb
+++ b/lib/sagittarius/validators/json_schema_validator.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 module Sagittarius
   module Validators
     class JsonSchemaValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
-      FilenameError = Class.new(StandardError)
+      class FilenameError < StandardError
+      end
       BASE_DIRECTORY = %w[app models json_schemas].freeze
 
       def initialize(options)
diff --git a/spec/models/flow_spec.rb b/spec/models/flow_spec.rb
index 8b0b0fa0..140a4ee2 100644
--- a/spec/models/flow_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/flow_spec.rb
@@ -121,13 +121,15 @@
           ],
           starting_node_id: starting_node.id,
           settings: [
-            database_id: flow.flow_settings.first.id,
-            flow_setting_id: flow.flow_settings.first.flow_setting_id,
-            value: {
-              struct_value: {
-                fields: {
-                  'url' => {
-                    string_value: flow.flow_settings.first.object['url'],
+            {
+              database_id: flow.flow_settings.first.id,
+              flow_setting_id: flow.flow_settings.first.flow_setting_id,
+              value: {
+                struct_value: {
+                  fields: {
+                    'url' => {
+                      string_value: flow.flow_settings.first.object['url'],
+                    },
                   },
                 },
               },
diff --git a/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/create_mutation_spec.rb b/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/create_mutation_spec.rb
index 9d135be1..5b927b3c 100644
--- a/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/create_mutation_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/create_mutation_spec.rb
@@ -102,8 +102,10 @@
             id: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/1000',
             functionDefinitionId: function_definition.to_global_id.to_s,
             parameters: [
-              value: {
-                nodeFunctionId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/2000',
+              {
+                value: {
+                  nodeFunctionId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/2000',
+                },
               }
             ],
             nextNodeId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/1001',
@@ -112,15 +114,17 @@
             id: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/1001',
             functionDefinitionId: function_definition.to_global_id.to_s,
             parameters: [
-              value: {
-                referenceValue: {
-                  referencePath: [
-                    {
-                      arrayIndex: 0,
-                      path: 'some.path',
-                    }
-                  ],
-                  nodeFunctionId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/2000',
+              {
+                value: {
+                  referenceValue: {
+                    referencePath: [
+                      {
+                        arrayIndex: 0,
+                        path: 'some.path',
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    nodeFunctionId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/2000',
+                  },
                 },
               }
             ],
diff --git a/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/update_mutation_spec.rb b/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/update_mutation_spec.rb
index 5bb68b43..5538f286 100644
--- a/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/update_mutation_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/graphql/mutation/namespace/projects/flows/update_mutation_spec.rb
@@ -108,8 +108,10 @@
             id: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/1000',
             functionDefinitionId: function_definition.to_global_id.to_s,
             parameters: [
-              value: {
-                nodeFunctionId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/2000',
+              {
+                value: {
+                  nodeFunctionId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/2000',
+                },
               }
             ],
             nextNodeId: 'gid://sagittarius/NodeFunction/1001',
diff --git a/spec/support/helpers/stub_ability.rb b/spec/support/helpers/stub_ability.rb
index 5608aa0c..3e61e481 100644
--- a/spec/support/helpers/stub_ability.rb
+++ b/spec/support/helpers/stub_ability.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module StubAbility
-  InvalidAbility = Class.new(StandardError)
+  class InvalidAbility < StandardError
+  end
 
   def stub_allowed_ability(policy_class, ability, user: nil, subject: nil)
     raise InvalidAbility, "Ability #{ability} does not exist" unless NamespaceRoleAbility::ABILITIES.key?(ability)
diff --git a/spec/support/matchers/exceed_query_limit_matchers.rb b/spec/support/matchers/exceed_query_limit_matchers.rb
index d6f9f1fb..07dc9081 100644
--- a/spec/support/matchers/exceed_query_limit_matchers.rb
+++ b/spec/support/matchers/exceed_query_limit_matchers.rb
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def query_log(query_recorder)
   end
 
   def recorder
-    @recorder ||= ActiveRecord::QueryRecorder.new(skip_cached: skip_cached, &@subject_block)
+    @recorder ||= ActiveRecord::QueryRecorder.new(skip_cached: skip_cached?, &@subject_block)
   end
 
   # Take a query recorder and tabulate the frequencies of suffixes for each prefix.
@@ -207,11 +207,11 @@ def log_message
     end
   end
 
-  def skip_cached
+  def skip_cached?
     true
   end
 
-  def verify_count(&block)
+  def count_verified?(&block)
     @subject_block = block
     actual_count > maximum
   end
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ def expected_count
     control_recorder.count
   end
 
-  def verify_count(&block)
+  def count_verified?(&block)
     @subject_block = block
 
     # These blocks need to be evaluated in an expected order, in case
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ def verify_count(&block)
   end
 
   match do |block|
-    verify_count(&block)
+    count_verified?(&block)
   end
 
   def failure_message
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def expected_count
                         end
   end
 
-  def verify_count(&block)
+  def count_verified?(&block)
     @subject_block = block
 
     # These blocks need to be evaluated in an expected order, in case
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ def verify_count(&block)
   end
 
   match do |block|
-    verify_count(&block)
+    count_verified?(&block)
   end
 
   def failure_message
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ def expected_count_message
     [expected_count.to_s, or_fewer_msg, threshold_msg].compact.join(' ')
   end
 
-  def skip_cached
+  def skip_cached?
     @skip_cached || false
   end
 end
@@ -357,14 +357,14 @@ def skip_cached
   include ExceedQueryLimitHelpers
 
   match do |block|
-    verify_count(&block)
+    count_verified?(&block)
   end
 
   failure_message_when_negated do |actual|
     failure_message
   end
 
-  def skip_cached
+  def skip_cached?
     false
   end
 end
@@ -378,9 +378,9 @@ def skip_cached
   match do |block|
     if block.is_a?(ActiveRecord::QueryRecorder)
       @recorder = block
-      verify_count
+      count_verified?
     else
-      verify_count(&block)
+      count_verified?(&block)
     end
   end
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ def skip_cached
 
   include ExceedQueryLimitHelpers
 
-  def verify_count(&block)
+  def count_verified?(&block)
     @subject_block = block
     actual_count == maximum
   end
@@ -405,12 +405,12 @@ def failure_message
     "Expected exactly #{counts} queries, got #{actual_count}:\n\n#{log_message}"
   end
 
-  def skip_cached
+  def skip_cached?
     false
   end
 
   match do |block|
-    verify_count(&block)
+    count_verified?(&block)
   end
 
   failure_message_when_negated do |actual|
diff --git a/tooling/graphql/docs/parser.rb b/tooling/graphql/docs/parser.rb
index 6c070ace..33623cc3 100644
--- a/tooling/graphql/docs/parser.rb
+++ b/tooling/graphql/docs/parser.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ module Tooling
   module Graphql
     module Docs
       class Parser # rubocop:disable GraphQL/ObjectDescription -- this is not a graphql object
-        ViolatedAssumption = Class.new(StandardError)
+        class ViolatedAssumption < StandardError # rubocop:disable GraphQL/ObjectDescription -- this is an exception, not a GraphQL object
+        end
         SLUGIFY_PRETTY_REGEXP = Regexp.new("[^[:alnum:]._~!$&'()+,;=@]+").freeze
         GQL_CONTEXT = { visibility_profile: :docs }.freeze