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git_basic.md

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Git Basics

Author: alpha74

Components of Git:

  1. Working tree:

    • All the physical files present in the project.

  2. Staging Area:

    • Place where changes to be included in next commit are stored.

  3. Local Repository:

    • Contains all the commits.
    • A commit is snapshot of the project.
    • Git uses Directed Acyclic Graph for storing commit history.

  4. Remote Repository:

    • Remotely located repository.
    • Serves as global truth.
    • Not has Staging Area and Working tree, only repo with commit hostory.
    • It is often a "bare" repo. Names generally ends with .git.

  5. Terms:

    • HEAD : It points to last commit node on the branch. It is a git id. A Git Id is the name of Git object.

VERSION:

  • git --version : Tells version of git.

INIT:

  • git init : Initializes the current directory into Git local repository.
  • ls -la : Lists hidden files in the git repository.
  • git init --bare : Creates remote repo.

CONFIGURE

  • git config --global user.name "<name>" : To set the global user name

  • git config --global user.email "<email address>" : To set global email address.

  • git config --list : Lists all configurations settings

  • All flags:

    • -- system
    • --local
    • --global

HELP:

  • git help <command> : Displays help menu. Displays large documentation.
  • git <command> -h : Displays short description in cmd.

DIRECTORY:

  • pwd : Current path of working directory.
  • cd ~ : Change directory to home(of bash).
  • # : Used for comments.

Add files to Staging Area:

  • git add . : Add all the changes in current dir to staging area.
  • git add --a : Same as aboves
  • git add <file> : Makes changes made to that file ready for commiting.

Creating and Removing Files:

  • touch <filename> : Creates new file.
  • echo "<text>" >> <filename> : Store text in filename.
  • git rm <filename> : Removes file(can only do after staging and commiting).

STATUS:

  • git status : Displays changes made to files in that directory which are/not yet commited.
  • git status -s : Displays short oneline status of each file in staging area.

COMMIT :

  • git commit -m "message" : To commit with a message
  • -m flag is optional, and is used for writing a short message with commit.

CLONE:

  1. If no local repo exists:

    • git clone <link> [local repo name] :
      • To clone a git repository using link.
      • [local repo name] is optional.
    • git push -u origin <branch> :
      • Push commits to remote.
      • Here, origin is an alias for URL of remote repo.

  2. If local repo exists and some commits are in staging area:

    • git remote add origin <link of remote .git> : Add remote repo to local repo.
    • git remote -v or git remote --verbose : See details of remote repo.
    • git push -u origin <branch> : Push commits to remote.
      • -u : track this branch aka --set-upstream.
      • Here, <branch> set up to track remote <branch> from origin.

LOG & SHOW:

  • git log : See all the commits.

  • git log --oneline : Condensed version of log.

  • git log --oneline -2 : Will return only last two logs.

  • git log --author="<user.name>" : Lists all the commits done by a specific user.

  • git log <git id> -1 : See one liner log associated with given commit hash. git id is 4 or more chars of hash value of commit.

  • git show <git id> : Shows detailed changes associated with this commit along with author and differences.

  • Graphs: git log --oneline --graph : Graphical view of commits on local branch with comparison.